Many
different kinds of fish and shellfish are available in the seas around
Denmark and many of the species are targets for Danish fishermen.
The Danish fishery has been divided into seven categories
and the
definitions of each category as well as the geographical location of main
fishing sites are shown in Table 1. The nomenclature of fishing categories
are based on Fødevare-økonomisk
Institut (2001).
|
Fishing category |
Definition1) |
Geographical location of main fishing sites2) |
|
No. |
Name |
||
1 |
Atlantic cod fishery |
Atlantic cod makes up more than 2/3 of the total SCV3) |
Eastern Baltic and the North sea |
2 |
Atlantic cod, European plaice and Common sole fishery |
Atlantic cod, European plaice and Common sole make up more than 2/3 of the total SCV although neither Atlantic cod nor flatfishes comprise more than 2/3 of the total SCV |
North Sea, Skagerak, Kattegat, the belt seas, the sound as well as west and east Baltics |
3 |
Flatfish fishery |
Flatfish make up more than 2/3 of the total SCV |
Widely spread over the Danish sea territory. |
4 |
Norway lobster, codfish and flatfish fishery |
More than 2/3 of the total SCV come from Norway lobster, codfish and flatfish, where Norway lobster comprises more than 1/3 of the total SCV and more than both codfishes and flatfishes each |
Skagerak and Kattegat |
5 |
Herring, mackerel and industrial fish |
More than 2/3 of the total SCV come from herring, mackerel and fish for reduction (industrial fish), but fish for reduction comprises less than 2/3 of total SCV |
North Sea, Skagerak as well as the sound and the Eastern Baltics |
6 |
Industrial fish |
More than 2/3 of the total SCV comes from fish for reduction |
North Sea |
7 |
Mixed fishery |
Specialized fisheries targeting eels, blue mussels, common shrimp, northern prawn and other |
Eels: the sound and the Baltic. Blue mussels: Limfjorden. Common shrimp: North Sea and Skagerak. Northern Prawn: North sea |
1)
Source: Fødevareøkonomisk Institut (2001), 2) Source: Fiskeridirektoratet
(2001), 3) Standard Catch Value.
Fishing vessels equipped with diesel engines are used for all professional fishing in Denmark. The sizes of vessels vary depending on local conditions, traditions and target species. The average sizes of fishing vessels considered here are shown in Table 2.
Table 2: Average size of fishing vessels (Gross tonnage, GT) for fishing categories 1 to 7 (Fiskeriøkonomisk Institut, 2001).
Fishing Category |
No. 1 |
No. 2 |
No. 3 |
No. 4 |
No. 5 |
No. 6 |
No. 7 |
Codfish |
Codfish/ flatfish |
Flatfish |
Lobster |
Pelagic |
Industrial fish |
Mixed fish |
|
Average size of vessels, GT |
16 |
25 |
40 |
46 |
620 |
329 |
57 |
The average age of fishing vessels is more than 30 years, but the diesel engines applied are generally modern and well maintained (see Thrane, 2003).
The exact types of fishing gear applied in the considered fishing categories is unknown. Hence, the methods usually applied for various groups of target species is provided in Table 3.
Table 3. Fishing methods used for the most important groups of species in Danish Fishery in 1999. Deviations of totals from 100% are due to rounding (source: Fiskeridirektoratet, 2001).
Group of fish |
Demersal fish |
Shell fish |
Pelagic |
Industrial fish |
||||
Target fish |
Atlantic |
European plaice |
Norway lobster |
Shrimp |
Blue mussels |
Herring |
Mackerel |
|
Unspecified |
0 |
0 |
2 |
37 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
14 |
Hooks
and |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Traps etc. |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Beam trawl |
1 |
18 |
0 |
19 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Pound net |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Gill net |
29 |
14 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Hooks |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Pair trawl |
10 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
51 |
34 |
21 |
Mussel dredge etc. |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
96 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Purse seine |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
37 |
56 |
5 |
Danish seine |
10 |
32 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Trawl |
49 |
32 |
97 |
41 |
0 |
11 |
10 |
53 |
Other |
1 |
2 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
1 |
0 |
7 |
The catch is usually a mix of various species depending on local conditions
in the sea, time of the year, equipment applied etc. The total mass of
catches in various fishing categories in 2000 is shown in Table 4. The
original structure of fishing categories in Table 1 has been adjusted
slightly to provide accurate data on most possible species: Fishing Category
2 and 3 have been merged and Fishing Category
5 has
been separated into herring and mackerel fishery. For further details,
see Thrane (2003).
During springtime, the industrial fish, sand eel can be caught almost
without by-catches. Specific data on sand eel catching in this period are
available here: sand eel.
Table 4: Total catches in fishing categories 1 to 7 in 2000 (kg per enterprise1).
Fishing category |
No. 1 |
No. 2 + 3 |
No. 4 |
No. 5a |
No. 5b |
6 |
No. 7a |
Codfish |
Codfish/ |
Norway lobster |
Herring |
Mackerel |
Industrial |
Shrimp and prawn |
|
No. of enterprises |
370 |
419 |
182 |
23 |
23 |
96 |
438 |
Codfish |
69.202 |
35.773 |
32.764 |
14.019 |
5.616 |
11.616 |
44.921 |
Flatfish |
8.401 |
53.470 |
19.505 |
164 |
66 |
3.308 |
25.925 |
Shrimp & prawn |
30 |
120 |
8.652 |
25 |
10 |
1.363 |
14.816 |
Norway Lobster |
136 |
110 |
19.648 |
184 |
74 |
102 |
3.088 |
Mussels |
1 |
23 |
25 |
0 |
0 |
16 |
250.502 |
Herring |
14.574 |
6 |
3.370 |
2.842.571 |
0 |
247.251 |
90.859 |
Mackerel |
2 |
16.460 |
12 |
0 |
1.137.807 |
2.910 |
17.841 |
Industrial fish |
6.367 |
223 |
17.199 |
3.074.313 |
1.231.447 |
8.265.482 |
485.861 |
Data on catches and fuel consumption are based on fishermens records and have been collected by the Danish Institute for Food Economics. In cases where the exact figure for fuel consumption has not been available, the fuel consumption has been estimated by dividing the fuel costs with the average price for fuel over the year. For the details, see Thrane (2003).
Emissions to air from fishing vessels diesel engines have been estimated by multiplying diesel consumption with emission factors specific for European fishing vessels (European Environment Agency, 2001). It has been assumed that all vessels have middle speed engines. The sulphur content of diesel (which determines SOx- emission) has been estimated to 0.15% based on records from Texaco Esbjerg, a major diesel supplier to the fishing fleet.
The
following processes are included: steaming to and from the fishing site,
fishing operation and eventual cool storage of fish on board. Constructing
and maintenance
of the vessels are not included although exchanges may be of some
importance (Tyedmers, 2001). Emissions
of
solid
and
liquid
organic matter
from onboard treatment of
fish (in
particular codfish and flat fish which are gutted on-board)
are not
included 1) because the fish would die anyway and the disposal of fish
residuals does not change any balances in the sea (e.g. carbon, nitrogen or
phosphorous) and 2) because the waste is mostly dumped on open sea and local
impacts
in the
coastal zone
do not need to be considered.
More than
99 % of the total turnover in the Danish fishery has been included and the
data provides an almost complete coverage of the Danish fishery. Fuel
consumption per kg of catch has increased slightly during the last two
decades. This development is supposedly going to continue and exchanges
associated with fishery are expected to increase slowly (see Thrane, 2003).
Table 5:
Inputs and outputs associated with various categories of fishery.
Data
are provided per kg of mixed fish (natural wet weight
of the entire animal) unloaded in the
harbour.
|
Demersal fish |
Shell fish |
Pelagic |
|
||||
No. 1
Atlantic |
No. 2+3 European plaice |
No.
7a |
No. 4
|
No.
7b |
5a |
5b Mackerel |
6 |
|
Inputs |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Diesel, litres |
0.37 |
0.63 |
0.18 |
1.56 |
0.012 |
0.12 |
0.06 |
0.07 |
Outputs |
|
|
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Codfish, kg |
0.70 |
0.34 |
0.066 |
0.32 |
0 |
0.0024 |
0.0024 |
0.0014 |
Flatfish, kg |
0.085 |
0.50 |
0.038 |
0.19 |
0 |
0.000028 |
0.000028 |
0.00039 |
Shrimp/prawn, kg |
0.00030 |
0.0011 |
0.022 |
0.085 |
0 |
0.0000043 |
0.0000043 |
0.00016 |
Norway Lobster, kg |
0.0014 |
0.0010 |
0.0045 |
0.19 |
0 |
0.000031 |
0.000031 |
0.000012 |
Mussels,kg |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1.00 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Herring,kg |
0.15 |
0.000058 |
0.13 |
0.033 |
0 |
0.48 |
0 |
0.029 |
Mackerel,kg |
0.000019 |
0.16 |
0.026 |
0.00012 |
0 |
0 |
0.48 |
0.00034 |
Industrial fish, kg |
0.065 |
0.0021 |
0.71 |
0.17 |
0 |
0.52 |
0.52 |
0.97 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
CO2, g |
991 |
1688 |
482 |
4179 |
32 |
321 |
161 |
188 |
CO, g |
2.3 |
3.9 |
1.1 |
9.8 |
0.075 |
0.75 |
0.38 |
0.44 |
NOx, g |
17.8 |
30.3 |
8.7 |
75.1 |
0.58 |
5.8 |
2.9 |
3.4 |
SOx, g |
0.94 |
1.6 |
0.46 |
4.0 |
0.030 |
0.30 |
0.15 |
0.18 |
NMVOC, g |
0.75 |
1.3 |
0.37 |
3.2 |
0.024 |
0.24 |
0.12 |
0.14 |
N2O, g |
0.025 |
0.043 |
0.012 |
0.11 |
0.00081 |
0.0081 |
0.0041 |
0.0047 |
CH4, g |
0.094 |
0.16 |
0.046 |
0.40 |
0.0030 |
0.030 |
0.015 |
0.018 |
Location in database: Material/Food from primary sectors/Fishery/ |
European Environment Agency (2001). EMEP/CORINAIR Emission Inventory Guidebook - 3rd edition. Technical report No 30. (Group 8: Other mobile sources ).
Fiskeridirektoratet (2001). Skønnede fangstoplysninger for 1999 fordelt på tonnage og redskab. Fiskeridirektoratet, 3. kontor (statistik sektionen). In Danish.
Fødevareøkonomisk Institut (2001). Fiskeriregnskabsstatistik 2000 . Rapport -Serie F nr. 6. Ministeriet for Fødevarer. Landbrug og Fiskeri. København. In Danish.
Thrane M. (2003). Environmental impacts from Danish fish products. Ph.D. dissertation, Aalborg University (Denmark). Department of Development and Planning. In preparation.